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Optimizing Graphene Ring Modulators: A Comparative Study of Straight, Bent, and Racetrack Geometries.

Pawan Kumar Dubey1, Ashraful Islam Raju1, Rasuole Lukose1

  • 1IHP-Leibniz Institut für Innovative Mikroelektronik, Im Technologiepark 25, 15236 Frankfurt (Oder), Germany.

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|August 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study shows racetrack bus geometries improve graphene micro-ring modulators for optical interconnects. This design allows larger gaps and high performance, paving the way for scalable photonic devices.

Keywords:
critical couplingfinite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulationgraphene electro-absorption modulatorring resonatorsilicon nitride waveguide

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Area of Science:

  • Photonics
  • Materials Science
  • Electrical Engineering

Background:

  • Graphene micro-ring modulators are key for optical interconnects due to their size, bandwidth, and compatibility.
  • Current designs using straight bus coupling limit flexibility and require very small gaps for critical coupling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare straight, bent, and racetrack bus geometries for graphene-on-silicon nitride (Si3N4) micro-ring modulators.
  • To demonstrate a racetrack design that enhances modulator performance and scalability.

Main Methods:

  • Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations were used to analyze different bus geometries.
  • Comparative analysis of coupling gap, graphene coverage, extinction ratio, and electrical bandwidth.

Main Results:

  • The racetrack bus geometry enables critical coupling at larger gaps (up to 300 nm) without sacrificing modulation efficiency.
  • Achieved extinction ratios up to 28 dB with only 6-12% graphene coverage.
  • Supported electrical bandwidths approaching 90 GHz.

Conclusions:

  • The racetrack geometry offers a flexible and efficient design for graphene photonic modulators.
  • Co-designing coupling geometry and graphene coverage is crucial for high-speed, high-modulation-depth devices.
  • This work provides a pathway for scalable integration of advanced graphene modulators in next-generation optical interconnects.