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Fermentation is a crucial anaerobic metabolic process that enables microbes to derive energy from sugar without relying on oxygen or an electron transport chain. This process is fundamental to various biological and industrial applications and is classified based on the metabolic products generated.Role of Pyruvate in FermentationPyruvate and its derivatives serve as key electron acceptors in fermentative pathways. The oxidation of NADH to regenerate NAD+ is essential for the continuation of...
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Viticultural and Pre-Fermentation Strategies to Reduce Alcohol Levels in Wines.

Francesca Coppola1, Bruno Testa2, Mariantonietta Succi2

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Demand for lower alcohol wine is rising. This review covers viticultural and pre-fermentation methods, like early harvesting and juice filtration, to reduce wine alcohol content and impact on wine composition.

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Area of Science:

  • Enology and Viticulture
  • Food Science

Background:

  • Growing consumer interest in healthy nutrition and lifestyle changes drives demand for reduced-alcohol wines.
  • Reducing fermentable sugars pre-fermentation is a key strategy for lowering wine alcohol content.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and describe viticultural and pre-fermentation techniques for reducing wine alcohol.
  • To analyze the impact of these techniques on wine's compositional characteristics.

Main Methods:

  • Summarizing classic and innovative viticultural practices (e.g., early harvesting, growth regulators, reduced leaf area, pre-harvest irrigation).
  • Describing pre-fermentation techniques including juice dilution, membrane filtration, and enzymatic treatments (e.g., glucose oxidase).

Main Results:

  • Various viticultural and pre-fermentation methods effectively reduce fermentable sugars, leading to lower alcohol wines.
  • These techniques can influence the final compositional profile of the wine.

Conclusions:

  • Both viticultural and pre-fermentation strategies offer viable pathways to produce reduced-alcohol wines.
  • Understanding the impact on wine composition is crucial for successful implementation.