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Development of Low-Cost Single-Chip Automotive 4D Millimeter-Wave Radar.

Yongjun Cai^1,2, Jie Bai^1,3, Hui-Liang Shen²

¹Hangzhou City University Binjiang Innovation Center, Hangzhou 310051, China.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

|August 14, 2025

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This study introduces a cost-effective single-chip 4D millimeter-wave radar for autonomous driving. The developed system enhances obstacle detection by providing four-dimensional information, improving vehicle safety.

Area of Science:

Automotive Engineering
Sensor Technology
Signal Processing

Background:

Traditional 3D millimeter-wave radars lack crucial target height information, hindering accurate identification in complex driving environments.
This limitation impacts the reliability and safety of advanced driver-assistance systems and autonomous driving functionalities.
The high cost of current multi-component radar systems presents a barrier to widespread adoption in automotive applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a single-chip 4D millimeter-wave radar solution for automotive applications.
To address the technical challenges associated with integrated imaging and high-performance radar sensing.
To enhance the safety and perception capabilities of autonomous driving systems through improved obstacle detection.

Main Methods:

Keywords:

4D millimeter-wave radar MIMO antenna array azimuth elevation

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System architecture design for a compact, single-chip solution.
Antenna optimization for enhanced signal reception and spatial resolution.
Development of advanced signal processing algorithms for 4D data extraction.
Rigorous performance validation through simulation and extensive road testing.

Main Results:

Achieved high angular accuracy with a maximum measurement error of approximately ±0.2° for azimuth and ±0.4° for elevation.
Successfully demonstrated reliable detection and measurement of dynamic targets including vehicles, pedestrians, and bicycles.
Accurately identified static infrastructure such as overpasses and traffic signs, confirming robust environmental perception.

Conclusions:

The developed single-chip 4D millimeter-wave radar offers a viable, cost-effective solution for enhancing automotive perception.
This technology significantly improves obstacle detection capabilities, contributing to increased safety in autonomous driving.
The system's ability to provide four-dimensional information overcomes limitations of traditional radar, enabling more reliable performance in complex scenarios.