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Updated: Sep 11, 2025

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Syntactic Complexity Phenomena Are Better Explained Without Empty Elements Mediating Long-Distance Dependencies.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Syntactic theories with transformations predict high processing costs for fronted prepositional phrases, unlike nontransformational theories. Experiments show processing costs align with nontransformational predictions, supporting simpler sentence structure models.

Keywords:
Acceptability judgmentEmpty categoriesFiller‐gap constructionsLong distance dependenciesSentence processingSyntax

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Area of Science:

  • Linguistics
  • Psycholinguistics
  • Computational Linguistics

Background:

  • Investigating the processing costs associated with syntactic structures is crucial for understanding human language comprehension.
  • Previous research suggested minimal processing cost for fronted prepositional phrases (PPs) in certain English sentence structures.
  • Disentangling the predictions of transformational versus nontransformational syntactic theories requires carefully designed experimental materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To empirically test predictions of transformational and nontransformational syntactic theories regarding processing costs.
  • To determine if long-distance dependencies in sentences with fronted PPs incur significant processing costs.
  • To provide evidence supporting or refuting specific linguistic theories based on experimental data.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted two acceptability judgment experiments using English sentence materials.
  • Materials were designed to elicit differential predictions from transformational and nontransformational syntactic theories.
  • Collected acceptability ratings to assess processing difficulty associated with specific syntactic constructions.

Main Results:

  • Experimental results consistently supported the predictions of nontransformational syntactic theories.
  • No significant processing cost was found for connecting fronted PPs to their verbs, contrary to transformational predictions.
  • The findings indicate that simpler, direct associations are favored in language processing.

Conclusions:

  • Nontransformational syntactic theories provide a better account of the empirical data regarding PP processing.
  • The results challenge theories positing extensive transformations and long-distance dependencies with high processing costs.
  • Current evidence favors linguistic models that do not rely on complex phrase transformations.