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The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this...
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Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
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Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
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Synthesis of Information-bearing Peptoids and their Sequence-directed Dynamic Covalent Self-assembly
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Reprocessable and Highly Creep-Resistant Covalent Adaptable Networks Incorporating Azine Dynamic Cross-Links via

Mathew J Suazo1, John M Torkelson1,2

  • 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.

ACS Macro Letters
|August 18, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces novel reprocessable covalent adaptable networks (CANs) using azine chemistry. These sustainable materials exhibit excellent stability and recoverability, paving the way for recyclable thermosets.

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Sustainable Materials

Background:

  • Conventional thermosets are unrecyclable, driving demand for sustainable alternatives.
  • Covalent adaptable networks (CANs) offer reprocessability through dynamic cross-links.
  • Azine dynamic chemistry, previously limited to step-growth CANs, presents an opportunity for novel network designs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and synthesize azine-based covalent adaptable networks (CANs) using radical polymerization.
  • To evaluate the thermal stability, mechanical properties, and reprocessability of these novel CANs.
  • To explore the potential of azine-based CANs for scalable manufacturing processes.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of an azine-based cross-linker with methacrylate end groups.
  • Free-radical copolymerization of the cross-linker with n-hexyl methacrylate.
  • Reprocessing evaluation using compression molding, injection molding, and extrusion.

Main Results:

  • Robust CANs were synthesized with full property recovery after reprocessing at 120 °C.
  • The azine dynamic chemistry provided constant cross-link density and suppressed creep and stress relaxation at high temperatures (190-210 °C).
  • Preliminary trials indicated the feasibility of injection molding and extrusion for manufacturing.

Conclusions:

  • Azine-based CANs offer a sustainable and reprocessable alternative to conventional thermosets.
  • The developed materials demonstrate excellent high-temperature performance and recyclability.
  • This work expands the application of azine chemistry in creating advanced, adaptable polymer networks.