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Updated: Sep 10, 2025

Microfluidic-based Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks COFs: A Tool for Continuous Production of COF Fibers and Direct Printing on a Surface
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In Situ Observation of Covalent Organic Framework Growth in Solution.

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  • 1Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.

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|August 23, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals the formation mechanisms of imine covalent organic framework (COF) nanoparticles using in situ imaging. Understanding nucleation, growth, and ripening enables precise control over COF nanoparticle synthesis and processing.

Keywords:
covalent organic frameworksdynamic light scatteringgrowthliquid cell transmission electron microscopysolution‐processing

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Mechanistic studies of imine covalent organic framework (COF) nanoparticle formation in solution are limited due to nanocrystal precipitation.
  • Lack of fundamental knowledge hinders efficient synthesis and precise control of particle size and morphology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the in situ formation mechanisms of imine COF nanoparticles.
  • To establish a homogenous synthesis strategy preventing nanocrystal precipitation.
  • To gain mechanistic insights for optimized synthesis and processing of imine COFs.

Main Methods:

  • In situ investigation using dynamic light scattering (DLS) for particle size evolution.
  • Liquid cell transmission electron microscopy (LCTEM) for real-time visualization of nanoparticle formation.
  • Homogenous synthesis strategy to prevent nanocrystal precipitation.

Main Results:

  • Identified three critical stages: nucleation, growth, and ripening.
  • Observed precursor accumulation and fluctuation influencing formation stages.
  • Derived key mechanistic parameters: critical size, nucleation rate, and growth rate.
  • Demonstrated processing of COF nanoparticle suspensions into thin films via spin and flow coating.

Conclusions:

  • The homogenous synthesis strategy enables in situ mechanistic studies of imine COF nanoparticle formation.
  • Mechanistic insights facilitate the development of optimized synthesis methods and processing techniques for imine COFs.
  • This work paves the way for scalable production and advanced applications of COF materials.