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Progress in Nanofluid Technology: From Conventional to Green Nanofluids for Biomedical, Heat Transfer, and Machining
Beatriz D Cardoso1, Andrews Souza1,2,3, Glauco Nobrega1,2
1Mechanical Engineering and Resource Sustainability Center (MEtRICs), Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal.
Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)
|August 27, 2025
Summary
Green and conventional nanofluids (NFs) offer superior properties for various applications. This review explores their synthesis, properties, and applications, highlighting sustainable green NFs as a promising alternative.
Area of Science:
- Materials Science
- Nanotechnology
- Green Chemistry
Background:
- Nanofluids (NFs), suspensions of nanoparticles (NPs) in base fluids, exhibit enhanced physicochemical properties.
- Conventional NF synthesis methods offer morphology control but raise environmental and safety concerns.
- Green NFs, derived from biological sources, present a sustainable and biocompatible approach.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review conventional and green nanofluid technology, including synthesis, formulation, and applications.
- To critically examine the influence of key parameters on NF performance.
- To compare green and conventional NFs regarding environmental impact, toxicity, scalability, and performance.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of synthesis routes (physical, chemical, green methods).
- Analysis of factors affecting NF performance (NP size, shape, concentration, stability, base fluid properties).
- Evaluation of applications in biomedical engineering, heat transfer, and precision machining.
Main Results:
- Conventional NFs provide morphology control but pose environmental risks.
- Green NFs offer a sustainable, biocompatible alternative using plant extracts, microorganisms, or biogenic waste.
- Key parameters significantly impact NF performance across diverse applications.
Conclusions:
- Both green and conventional nanofluids show significant promise for advanced applications.
- Green nanofluids represent a sustainable and eco-friendly direction for future research and development.
- Further research is needed to address challenges in scalability, toxicity, and performance optimization.
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