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Quantum Enhancement of Thermalization.

Yulong Qiao1,2, Frank Großmann2,3, Peter Schlagheck4

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Quantum systems relax to equilibrium much faster than classical ones. This accelerated thermalization in ultracold bosonic gases is due to quantum tunneling, enabling faster transport and observable in quantum simulations.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum mechanics
  • Statistical mechanics
  • Condensed matter physics

Background:

  • Many-body systems with many degrees of freedom are expected to follow statistical mechanics.
  • Thermalization, observed as equipartition in time-dependent observables, occurs in both quantum and classical systems.
  • However, the dynamics and speed of thermalization can differ significantly between quantum and classical regimes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the dynamics of relaxation toward equilibrium in quantum systems.
  • To compare the speed of thermalization in quantum systems with their classical counterparts.
  • To identify the underlying mechanisms responsible for any observed differences in relaxation dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Studying the dynamics of individual lattice site populations in ultracold bosonic gases.
  • Utilizing classical chaos quantifiers to analyze transport properties.
  • Comparing quantum dynamics with classical theoretical predictions.

Main Results:

  • Quantum systems exhibit relaxation toward equilibrium orders of magnitude faster than classical systems.
  • This accelerated process is attributed to a quantum wave packet escaping inefficient classical transport regions via tunneling.
  • The phenomenon is observed across a broad parameter range and persists even in weakly disordered systems.

Conclusions:

  • Quantum tunneling provides a mechanism for significantly faster thermalization in quantum many-body systems.
  • The findings suggest that this accelerated relaxation is a general feature of quantum systems and not limited to specific models.
  • The phenomenon is expected to occur in various many-body systems and is experimentally verifiable using current quantum simulation platforms.