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Examining the Structure of Directed Motivational Currents (DMCs) Among Secondary and Tertiary English as a Second

Chuanwei Huo1, Lawrence Jun Zhang1, Jason M Stephens1

  • 1Faculty of Arts and Education, University of Auckland, 10 Symonds St., Auckland 1010, New Zealand.

Behavioral Sciences (Basel, Switzerland)
|August 28, 2025
PubMed

Keywords:
DMC triggersDirected Motivational Currents (DMCs)Expectancy-Value Theory (EVT)L2 motivationflow theory

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