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Chronic Heart Failure Rehabilitation: Diaphragm Training Needs More Attention
Bruno Bordoni1, Bruno Morabito2, Vincenzo Myftari3
1Department of Cardiopneumology, Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi Onlus IRCCS, 20121 Milano, Italy.
Journal of Clinical Medicine
|August 28, 2025
Summary
Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) can significantly improve physical capacity in patients with heart failure (HF). This approach enhances respiratory function and overall performance, addressing overlooked diaphragmatic dysfunction in HF rehabilitation.
Area of Science:
- Cardiology
- Respiratory Medicine
- Rehabilitation Science
Background:
- Chronic heart failure (HF) is characterized by the heart's inability to meet bodily demands, leading to functional decline and high mortality.
- Cardiovascular rehabilitation, including aerobic and anaerobic exercise, is standard for HF management.
- Current guidelines often neglect the diaphragm's role and inspiratory muscle training (IMT) in HF rehabilitation.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the clinical significance of the diaphragm in heart failure.
- To emphasize the role of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) in HF rehabilitation protocols.
Main Methods:
- Literature review focusing on diaphragmatic function and IMT in heart failure patients.
- Analysis of current international cardiology guidelines regarding HF rehabilitation.
Main Results:
- Diaphragmatic dysfunction is a significant contributor to symptoms experienced by HF patients.
- IMT plays a critical role in respiratory and cardiac function, as well as overall physical performance.
Conclusions:
- Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) should be integrated into standard heart failure rehabilitation.
- Incorporating IMT can enhance respiratory function and improve overall physical capacity in HF patients.
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