The Role of Natural Fibers in the Building Industry-The Perspective of Sustainable Development

Contemporary construction faces the need to reduce its negative impact on the environment, prompting designers, investors, and contractors to seek more sustainable materials and technologies. One area of dynamic development is the use of natural fibers as an alternative to conventional, often synthetic, building components. Plant- and animal-based fibers, such as hemp, flax, jute, straw, bamboo, and sheep's wool, are characterized by low energy consumption in production, renewability, and biodegradability. Their use is in line with the concept of a circular economy and reduces the carbon footprint of buildings. Natural fibers offer a number of beneficial physical and functional properties, including good thermal and acoustic insulation parameters, as well as hygroscopicity, which allows for the regulation of indoor humidity, improving air quality and comfort of use. In recent years, there has also been a renaissance of traditional building techniques, such as straw construction, often combined with modern engineering standards. Their potential is particularly recognized in green and energy-efficient construction. The article provides an overview of the types of natural fibers available for use in construction and analyzes their technical, environmental, and economic properties. It also draws attention to current regulations, standards, and certifications (e.g., LEED, BREEAM) that promote the popularization of these solutions. In light of the analyzed data, the role of natural fibers as a viable alternative supporting the transformation of the construction sector towards sustainable development is considered.