Drying Technologies for Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni: Advances, Challenges, and Impacts on Bioactivity for Food...

Stevia rebaudiana leaves and extracts need to be promptly dried after harvest to prevent microbial activity and preserve their bioactive compounds, including glycosides, flavonoids, and essential oils. Effective drying also reduces moisture and volume, which lowers packaging, storage, and transportation costs. Therefore, innovative drying methods are necessary to maintain stevia's physicochemical, sensory, and nutritional properties for functional food formulations. This review evaluates various drying technologies for stevia leaves and extracts, including convective hot air, infrared, vacuum, microwave, freeze, and shade drying, and their impacts on product quality and energy efficiency. It also explores the growing applications of dried and extracted stevia in food products. By comparing different drying methods and highlighting the benefits of stevia in these food formulations, this investigation aims to identify future research directions and optimization strategies for utilizing stevia as a natural sweetener and functional ingredient. Convective hot air drying at higher temperatures was found to be the most energy-efficient, though several studies have reported moderate degradation of key bioactive compounds such as stevioside and rebaudioside A, particularly at elevated temperatures and extended drying times. Infrared drying enhanced antimicrobial activity but resulted in lower levels of polyphenols and antioxidants. Vacuum drying effectively preserved anti-inflammatory compounds like flavonoids. Microwave drying presented strong protection of antioxidant activity and superior particle morphology. Freeze drying, while less energy-efficient, was the most effective at retaining antioxidants, polyphenols, and volatile compounds. Shade drying, though time-consuming, maintained high levels of polyphenols, flavonoids, and essential oils. Advanced techniques like spray drying and electrospraying have been reported to enhance the sensory qualities and stability of stevia extracts, making them ideal for food applications such as dairy and baked products, confectionery, syrups, snacks, jams, preserves, and meat products. Overall, stevia not only serves as a natural, zero-calorie sweetener but also contributes to improved health benefits and product quality in these diverse food formulations.