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Area of Science:

  • Nutritional Science
  • Oncology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Soy consumption is widespread, particularly in Asia, with traditional processing methods reducing isoflavone (Isofl) content.
  • Population studies suggest a potential association between soy/Isofls and reduced breast cancer (BC) risk, contrasting with in vitro data showing dose-dependent proliferative effects on breast cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically evaluate the role of soy and Isofls in breast cancer (BC) risk among women.
  • To reconcile conflicting findings from epidemiological, in vitro, and clinical studies regarding soy and BC.
  • To address misestimations in Isofl intake and exposure levels in previous research.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review and analysis of numerous population studies from Asian and Western countries.
  • Examination of in vitro, animal, and clinical trial data on soy and Isofls at relevant doses.
  • Assessment of soy intake estimation methods and Isofl bioavailability in different populations.

Main Results:

  • Soy intake is well-estimated in Asia, potentially linked to BC prevention, but underestimated in the West due to hidden soy.
  • Isofl intake is frequently misestimated in both Asian and Western populations, complicating risk assessment.
  • Many cohort studies lacked sufficient exposure to active Isofl doses, and clinical trials showed estrogenic effects at relevant levels.

Conclusions:

  • Population studies show no convincing link between soy/Isofl intake and BC risk, possibly due to opposing effects.
  • A deleterious effect of Isofls cannot be ruled out at active doses, despite the protective potential of the soy food matrix.
  • Further research is needed to clarify the complex interactions between soy components, Isofls, and breast cancer development.