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COPD: Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

COPD: Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a group of lung conditions that progressively worsen over time, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. This cluster of diseases collectively leads to a gradual and irreversible decline in lung function over time.
The primary cause for the onset of COPD is cigarette smoking and exposure to air pollution. These hazardous factors initiate a chain reaction within the lungs, resulting in chronic inflammation, damage to the airways, and a...

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) pathophysiology is intricate and multifaceted, involving a complex interplay of physiological processes. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for effectively managing and treating COPD. Here is an in-depth look at the critical elements in the pathophysiology of COPD:
Chronic Inflammation

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

COPD is defined as a heterogeneous lung condition marked by persistent respiratory symptoms such as dyspnea, cough, and sputum production, caused by abnormalities in the airways that cause airflow obstruction.
Smoking is a primary risk factor for COPD, with over 80% of patients having a history of it. Patients typically experience progressive dyspnea or labored breathing, frequent coughing, and recurrent pulmonary infections. Many eventually succumb to respiratory failure, characterized by...

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe health condition in which the mean pulmonary arterial pressure increases to 25 mmHg or more, even when the body is at rest. This high pressure in the blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the lungs can cause various symptoms, including shortness of breath, can lead to right heart failure, and significantly affect the overall quality of life.
There are various classifications for PH, each relating to different underlying causes and also...

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-III: Symptoms and Complications.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-III: Symptoms and Complications.

Understanding the variety of primary symptoms and systemic complications that characterize chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is crucial for healthcare professionals.
Symptoms of COPD can be classified as primary or systemic. Primary symptoms relate to reduced airflow, while systemic or extrapulmonary symptoms relate to COPD's broader impact on the body.
Primary Symptoms of COPD:

Other Pulmonary Disorders

Other Pulmonary Disorders

Respiratory disorders encompass a range of conditions with varying levels of severity. Asthma, marked by chronic airway inflammation and hypersensitivity, is one such condition. It can lead to airway obstruction due to factors like bronchial spasms, mucosal edema, increased mucus secretion, or epithelial damage. Asthma triggers are diverse, ranging from allergens to emotional upset, and treatment focuses on both immediate relief through bronchodilators and long-term inflammation suppression.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 9, 2025

Unilateral Lung Volume Analysis Using Micro-CT for Enhanced Assessment of Pulmonary Fibrosis in Preclinical Models

Unilateral Lung Volume Analysis Using Micro-CT for Enhanced Assessment of Pulmonary Fibrosis in Preclinical Models

Published on: June 20, 2025

Breathless Aftermath: Post-COVID-19 Pulmonary Fibrosis.

Dharanya Muthiah^1,2, Kishore Vaddadi^1,2, Lin Liu^1,2

¹Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74074, USA.

|August 28, 2025

Summary

Long COVID can cause persistent lung scarring, known as post-COVID-19 pulmonary fibrosis. This review explores its mechanisms, diagnosis, and potential treatments for better patient outcomes.

Keywords:

biomarker inflammation long COVID pulmonary fibrosis

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Area of Science:

Pulmonology
Infectious Diseases
Pathology

Background:

Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), or long COVID, affects many individuals post-recovery.
Post-COVID-19 pulmonary fibrosis (PC19-PF) is a severe long COVID complication causing progressive lung scarring and chronic respiratory issues.
The pathogenesis of PC19-PF is not well understood, hindering effective treatment development.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a comprehensive review of post-COVID-19 pulmonary fibrosis (PC19-PF).
To elucidate the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnostic methods, and underlying mechanisms of PC19-PF.
To explore shared pathways with other fibrotic lung diseases and discuss emerging therapeutic strategies.

Main Methods:

Literature review of clinical and experimental studies on PC19-PF.
Analysis of epidemiological data and clinical manifestations.
Synthesis of mechanistic insights and therapeutic approaches.

Main Results:

PC19-PF presents as progressive lung scarring, leading to chronic respiratory impairment.
Understanding shared fibrotic pathways may offer novel therapeutic targets.
Emerging strategies aim to address the underlying mechanisms of PC19-PF.

Conclusions:

PC19-PF is a significant and severe long-term complication of COVID-19.
Further research into PC19-PF pathogenesis is crucial for developing effective treatments.
Consolidating current knowledge can guide the development of mechanism-based therapies for lung fibrosis.