A Mini Review on Monkey-Pox: Outbreak, Challenges, and Management Strategies

Area of Science:

• * Virology and Epidemiology
• * Public Health and Infectious Diseases

Background:

• * Monkeypox (Mpox) emerged as a significant global health issue in 2022, with rapid international spread.
• * The virus has demonstrated a shift from zoonotic to human-to-human transmission, including via intimate contact.
• * Genetic alterations in the virus suggest adaptation for human transmission.

Purpose of the Study:

• * To provide an overview of Mpox, including its transmission, effects, and available treatments.
• * To highlight the importance of early detection, viral evolution monitoring, and vaccination strategies.
• * To emphasize the necessity of a unified One Health approach for outbreak prevention.

Main Methods:

• * Review of global Mpox cases from January 2022 to March 2025.
• * Analysis of viral genetic alterations.
• * Examination of current therapeutic and vaccine interventions.

Main Results:

• * Over 129,000 Mpox cases reported in 120 countries during the study period.
• * Evidence of viral adaptation for efficient human-to-human spread.
• * Limited but effective treatment options, including tecovirimat and cidofovir.
• * Vaccines like MVA-BN show high efficacy when administered promptly post-exposure.

Conclusions:

• * Early Mpox detection and prompt vaccination are vital for effective control.
• * Continuous monitoring of viral evolution is necessary to adapt public health strategies.
• * A comprehensive One Health strategy is essential for preventing future Mpox outbreaks and ensuring global health security.