Seminal Plasma Exosomes in Male Infertility: Roles, Mechanisms, and Applications-A Double-Edged Sword

Area of Science:

• Reproductive Biology
• Cell Biology
• Biochemistry

Background:

• Exosomes are nanoscale vesicles mediating intercellular communication, secreted by most cell types.
• In the male reproductive system, exosomes from glands like testes, epididymis, and prostate regulate sperm function, maturation, and fertilization.
• These vesicles transport proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, including microRNAs, crucial for reproductive processes.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the dual regulatory functions of seminal plasma exosomes in male infertility.
• To focus on the roles of exosomes in spermatogenesis, sperm maturation, and fertilization.
• To examine the potential of exosomes as diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers for male infertility.

Main Methods:

• This is a review article, synthesizing existing research on exosomes in male reproduction.
• Literature search focused on seminal plasma exosomes, male infertility, spermatogenesis, sperm maturation, and fertilization.
• Analysis of studies investigating the molecular cargo and functional impact of exosomes in the male reproductive tract.

Main Results:

• Exosomes exhibit context-dependent dual roles in male reproductive processes.
• Their mechanisms of action depend on carried molecules and the microenvironment.
• Exosomes are instrumental in sperm maturation, motility, and fertilization capacity.

Conclusions:

• Seminal plasma exosomes have significant, albeit complex, roles in male fertility and infertility.
• Exosomes hold promise as biomarkers for diagnosing male infertility.
• Further research into exosome mechanisms is needed for precise interventions and improved assisted reproductive technologies.