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Related Concept Videos

Amino acids03:42

Amino acids

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Amino acids are the monomers that comprise proteins. Each amino acid has the same fundamental structure, which consists of a central carbon atom, or the alpha (α) carbon, bonded to an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), and to a hydrogen atom. Every amino acid also has another atom or group of atoms bonded to the central atom known as the R group. There are 20 common amino acids present in proteins, each with a different R group. Variation in the amino acid sequence is responsible...
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What are Proteins?01:28

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Proteins are polymers of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. Proteins and polypeptides are interchangeably used to refer to long chains of amino acids. However, polypeptides have a molecular weight of fewer than 10,000 daltons, while proteins have greater molecular weight.  Polypeptides with less than 20 amino acids are called oligopeptides or simply peptides. Interactions among the constituent amino acid side chains of proteins help them fold into a stable 3-dimensional...
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Overview of Protein Metabolism01:21

Overview of Protein Metabolism

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Proteins are broken down into amino acids during digestion. Unlike fats and carbohydrates, which are stored for later use, proteins are not. Instead, amino acids are either used to produce ATP through oxidation or contribute to the creation of new proteins for the growth and repair of the body. Any surplus amino acids from the diet are converted into glucose or triglycerides rather than excreted.
Amino acids play various roles in the body once they are absorbed into cells. They are restructured...
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Amino Acid Biosynthetic Pathways01:29

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Amino acid biosynthesis is essential for cell growth, protein synthesis, and metabolic regulation. Cells generate essential and non-essential amino acids from metabolic intermediates to sustain vital biological functions. These intermediates originate from key metabolic pathways: glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and the pentose phosphate pathway. Important precursors include α-ketoglutarate, pyruvate, oxaloacetate, phosphoenolpyruvate, and erythrose-4-phosphate, which...
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Amino Acid Catabolism01:18

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Microorganisms rely on proteins as an essential carbon and energy source, particularly in environments with limited polysaccharides or lipids. However, proteins are too large to cross the plasma membrane unaided, necessitating enzymatic degradation. Microbes secrete extracellular proteases and peptidases that hydrolyze proteins into peptides, which can then be transported across the membrane. Once inside the cell, intracellular proteases degrade these peptides into free amino acids, which...
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Updated: Sep 9, 2025

Extraction of Non-Protein Amino Acids from Cyanobacteria for Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis
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Protein activities driven by amino acid composition.

Sean M Cascarina1, Eric D Ross1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.

The Journal of Biological Chemistry
|August 30, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Some proteins function based on amino acid composition, not just sequence. This review explores "composition-driven protein activities" and their implications for understanding protein function.

Keywords:
amino acid compositionbiomolecular condensateintrinsically disordered proteinliquid-liquid phase separationlow-complexity domainprionprion-like domainstress granulestructure-functiontranscription

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Area of Science:

  • Protein biochemistry
  • Molecular biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • The central dogma of protein biochemistry posits that primary amino acid sequence dictates protein structure and function.
  • However, certain protein regions exhibit activities primarily governed by their amino acid composition, challenging the sequence-centric paradigm.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the concept of "composition-driven protein activities."
  • To discuss experimental criteria for identifying and classifying these activities.
  • To explore the relationship between primary sequence, amino acid composition, and protein function.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research.
  • Analysis of experimental evidence for composition-driven protein activities.
  • Comparative analysis of sequence-based versus composition-based functional determinants.

Main Results:

  • Identified and defined experimental criteria for classifying protein activities as composition-driven.
  • Illustrated how these criteria differentiate from traditional sequence-driven mechanisms.
  • Characterized existing examples of proteins exhibiting composition-driven activities.

Conclusions:

  • Composition-driven protein activities represent an emerging perspective in protein science.
  • This concept offers a new framework for understanding the sequence-function relationship in specific protein classes.
  • Re-evaluating protein function through the lens of composition can uncover novel biological mechanisms.