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Updated: Sep 8, 2025

Dynamic Digital Biomarkers of Motor and Cognitive Function in Parkinson's Disease
Published on: July 24, 2019
Non-motor Subtypes of Parkinson's Disease and Sleep Dysfunction
Valentina Leta1, Mattia Tosi1, Rosabel Chen2
1Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Parkinson and Movement Disorders Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta", Italy.
None:
Parkinson's disease is a syndrome with many clinical presentations. It is often dominated by visible motor symptoms; however, specific nonmotor features, such as cognitive dysfunction, sleep dysfunction, pain, apathy, dysautonomia, depression, and anxiety, enrich the clinical picture significantly. Proposed non-motor phenotypes segregate to central cholinergic, serotonergic, or noradrenergic dysfunctions, and clinical and biomarker-driven studies support these subtypes. Specific sleep problems appear to be associated with specific nonmotor subtypes of Parkinson's disease.
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