Molecular functionalization of Ni(OH)₂ promotes electrosynthesis of adipic acid

Adipic acid is an essential platform molecule for polymer production and is industrially manufactured by thermochemical oxidation of the cyclohexanone/cyclohexanol mixture (KA oil). Alternatively, electrifying provides a green and sustainable route to synthesizing adipic acid, but has been restricted by the low catalytic efficiency. Herein, we report that a nickel hydroxide electrocatalyst functionalized with 4,4'-bipyridine (Bipy-Ni(OH)₂) delivers a 3-fold greater productivity compared with that of pristine Ni(OH)₂, achieving an excellent yield (90%) towards efficient adipic acid electrosynthesis. The experimental and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation results show that Bipy serves as a reservoir to accumulate cyclohexanone, which has low solubility in aqueous solutions. Molecular probe analysis coupled with density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrates that Bipy functionalization promotes formation of the key intermediate (2-hydroxycyclohexanone) via modulating the surface electronic characteristics. A Bipy-Ni(OH)₂//Ru electro-reforming system in a two-electrode configuration was further constructed to enable concurrent hydrogen and adipate production, revealing its potential for practical applications. Our report demonstrates the efficacy of grafting judicious ligands to electrocatalysts to harness mass transfer and optimize active sites, and the insights can be useful for electrooxidation of a wider scope of organic molecules.