Occurrence, Properties, Applications and Analytics of Cytosine and Its Derivatives

Cytosine and its derivatives are an important research topic in the fields of bioorganic chemistry, molecular biology and medicine due to their key role in the structure and function of nucleic acids. The article provides a detailed overview of the natural occurrence of cytosine, its biosynthetic and degradation pathways in living organisms, as well as its physicochemical and chemical properties. Particular attention was paid to the biological activity and therapeutic applications of cytosine derivatives, including their use in cancer, antiviral and epigenetic therapy. The analytical section describes high-performance liquid chromatography techniques as a major tool for identifying and determining cytosine and its derivatives in biological samples. Examples of separation conditions, column selection, mobile phases and detection parameters for these compounds are presented. The article also provides chemical structures, graphs, comparative tables and an up-to-date review of the scientific literature, presenting a comprehensive overview of the topic, including biological, chemical and analytical aspects.