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Updated: May 2, 2026

$Studying Soft-matter and Biological Systems over a Wide Length-scale from Nanometer and Micrometer Sizes at the Small-angle Neutron Diffractometer KWS-2$

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A Metrological Near-Room-Temperature Photon-Number-Resolving Detector: A Design Study.

Zachary H Levine¹, Joshua C Bienfang¹, Alan L Migdall^1,2

¹Quantum Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8410, USA.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

|September 13, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study presents a non-cryogenic optical detector for accurate photon counting. The semiconductor device operates at -10 °C and can resolve photon pulses with high precision and low error rates.

Keywords:

low error rate photon counting room-temperature silicon device

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Area of Science:

Photonics and Semiconductor Physics
Metrology and Instrumentation

Background:

Accurate photon counting is crucial for various scientific applications.
Existing photon detectors often require cryogenic cooling, limiting their practicality.

Purpose of the Study:

To describe and model a novel non-cryogenic optical detector for metrological photon counting.
To predict the performance of a semiconductor-based photon detector operating at -10 °C.

Main Methods:

Development of a semiconductor device model for photon detection.
Simulation of optical loss, electron loss, and noise sources.
Estimation of overall device performance based on simulations and empirical data.

Main Results:

The proposed detector design operates at -10 °C, avoiding cryogenic requirements.
Predicted ability to resolve photon pulses up to 10 photons.
Estimated error rate of 2% in the input photon number.

Conclusions:

The developed non-cryogenic optical detector shows promise for accurate photon counting.
The design offers a practical alternative to cryogenic photon detection systems.
Further validation through experimental testing is warranted.