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Related Concept Videos

Vitamins01:30

Vitamins

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Vitamins, derived from the Latin word for life, are essential organic substances required in small quantities for optimal growth and overall well-being. Unlike other organic nutrients, vitamins don't act as sources of energy or building materials but rather facilitate these nutrients' utilization by the body. Vitamins are predominantly coenzymes, assisting enzymes in specific chemical actions, like the oxidation of glucose for energy involving B vitamins. Most vitamins are not produced...
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Minerals01:26

Minerals

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Minerals are essential nutrients that the human body needs in small amounts to work properly. They play a vital role in many bodily functions, such as building strong bones and transmitting nerve impulses. Some minerals are needed for hormone production or to maintain a normal heartbeat. Major minerals include calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium, while trace minerals include iron, manganese, copper, iodine, zinc, cobalt, fluoride, and selenium.
 
Major...
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Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health01:25

Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health

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The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is involved in the process of bone remodeling. Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of Vitamin A, has nuclear receptors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are involved in bone remodeling.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 acts as a cofactor during the formation of osteoblast-related proteins, such as osteocalcin. Vitamin B12 plays a role...
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Introduction to Electrolytes01:33

Introduction to Electrolytes

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In humans, electrolytes play a vital role in various physiological processes. Balancing electrolyte levels is essential for normal body functions; their imbalance can be life-threatening. The major electrolytes include sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphate, and bicarbonate. They are primarily involved in physiological processes, such as nerve signal transmission, membrane trafficking, muscle contraction, buffering body fluids, and balancing water levels in the body.
Role of Sodium
One...
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Diagnostic Studies and Management I-Nutritional Therapy01:30

Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Diagnostic Studies and Management I-Nutritional Therapy

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Various diagnostic tests are employed in the diagnostic process for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), particularly to differentiate between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
Diagnostic studies
A colonoscopy is the definitive screening test, distinguishing ulcerative colitis from other colon diseases with similar symptoms. During a colonoscopy test, inflamed mucosa with exudate ulcerations can be observed, and biopsies are taken to determine the histologic characteristics of the...
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Myasthenia Gravis: Diagnostic Tests01:15

Myasthenia Gravis: Diagnostic Tests

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Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune condition affecting neuromuscular transmission, causing generalized weakness in skeletal muscles. Initial diagnoses rely on patients' signs, symptoms, and medical history. The challenge lies in distinguishing myasthenia from other muscular dystrophies. An important diagnostic feature is the significant improvement of symptoms after administering anticholinesterase inhibitors.
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One-step Metabolomics: Carbohydrates, Organic and Amino Acids Quantified in a Single Procedure
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One-step Metabolomics: Carbohydrates, Organic and Amino Acids Quantified in a Single Procedure

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Vitamin B12 Deficiency: Common Questions and Answers.

Hiten Patel1, Rachael McGuirk1

  • 1The Ohio State University, Columbus.

American Family Physician
|September 17, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Vitamin B12 deficiency affects 2-3% of US adults, with symptoms like fatigue and neuropathy. Testing is advised for those with risk factors and symptoms, and oral supplementation is effective for most.

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Area of Science:

  • Internal Medicine
  • Clinical Diagnostics
  • Nutritional Science

Background:

  • Vitamin B12 deficiency affects 2-3% of US adults.
  • Risk factors include malabsorption, poor diet, certain medications (metformin, PPIs), and advanced age.
  • Symptoms range from fatigue and brain fog to neurological issues like neuropathy and ataxia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline diagnostic criteria and management strategies for vitamin B12 deficiency.
  • To identify patient populations who would benefit from screening.
  • To discuss the implications of both low and elevated vitamin B12 levels.

Main Methods:

  • Initial testing involves serum vitamin B12 levels; levels below 180 pg/mL indicate deficiency.
  • Borderline levels (180-350 pg/mL) require methylmalonic acid measurement.
  • Further investigation for atrophic or autoimmune gastritis is recommended for unexplained deficiency.

Main Results:

  • Oral vitamin B12 supplementation is as effective as intramuscular administration for most patients.
  • Intramuscular therapy is reserved for severe deficiency or neurological symptoms.
  • Persistently high vitamin B12 levels (>1,000 pg/mL) are linked to malignancies and increased cardiovascular mortality.

Conclusions:

  • Testing for vitamin B12 deficiency should be considered in symptomatic patients with risk factors.
  • Oral supplementation is the preferred treatment for most cases.
  • Elevated vitamin B12 levels warrant further investigation due to potential associations with serious conditions.