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A Cluster Head Selection Algorithm for Extending Last Node Lifetime in Wireless Sensor Networks.

Marcin Lewandowski1, Bartłomiej Płaczek1

  • 1Institute of Computer Science, University of Silesia, Będzińska 39, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|September 19, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study presents a new algorithm for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) to extend network lifetime by optimizing cluster head selection. The method prioritizes nodes with high transmission probability and low initial energy, significantly outperforming existing strategies.

Keywords:
cluster head rotationinternet of thingslifetime of sensor networktransmission reductionwireless sensor network

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Area of Science:

  • Computer Science
  • Electrical Engineering
  • Network Engineering

Background:

  • Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) face challenges in energy efficiency and network lifetime.
  • Existing energy-balancing strategies often fall short in maximizing the operational duration of the last active node.
  • Heterogeneous energy consumption patterns in WSNs require adaptive solutions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel cluster head selection algorithm for WSNs.
  • To maximize the network lifetime until the last sensor node depletes its energy.
  • To provide a practical and robust solution for energy-efficient WSN operation.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a new cluster head selection algorithm based on formal analysis of node energy consumption.
  • Modeled network lifetime as a function of node energy consumption.
  • Implemented a distributed per-cluster computation approach.
  • Prioritized nodes with highest transmission probability and lowest initial energy as initial cluster heads.
  • Adapted to heterogeneous energy consumption patterns and enforced a specific cluster head rotation order.

Main Results:

  • The proposed algorithm significantly extends the lifetime of the last active node compared to state-of-the-art methods.
  • Experimental validation on a LoRaWAN-based sensor network prototype confirmed the algorithm's effectiveness.
  • The method demonstrated scalability without increased complexity relative to network size.

Conclusions:

  • The novel cluster head selection algorithm offers a practical and robust solution for energy-efficient WSN operation.
  • The approach effectively maximizes network lifetime by considering realistic communication behavior and hardware energy consumption.
  • This research contributes to prolonging the operational lifespan of sensor nodes in real-world deployments.