Exosome biosensors for detection of ovarian cancer

Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the most aggressive gynecologic malignancies, largely due to its asymptomatic progression and frequent diagnosis at an advanced stage. Early detection is essential for improving patient survival rates. Exosomes, small extracellular vesicles secreted by cells, are actively involved in OC progression and have been recognized as potential biomarkers for early diagnosis. Over the past decade, advancements in exosome research have emphasized the need for detection methods that are not only sensitive and reliable but also practical for clinical use. However, conventional approaches often face challenges such as limited sensitivity and complex sample preparation. Biosensors have emerged as a promising alternative, offering benefits such as non-invasiveness and improved analytical performance. This review examines recent developments in electrochemical, optical, and electrical biosensors for detecting OC-related exosomes, discussing their sensitivity, specificity, and potential applications in clinical settings.