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Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria01:10

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Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
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Isothermal solidification for high-entropy alloy synthesis.

Qiubo Zhang1,2, Max C Gallant1,2, Yi Chen1,2

  • 1Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.

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|September 24, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a novel isothermal solidification method for synthesizing high-entropy alloys (HEAs) at low temperatures. This technique allows precise control over alloy crystallinity, structure, and morphology, overcoming limitations of rapid cooling methods.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Metallurgy
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Rapid cooling solidification is a common method for synthesizing high-entropy alloys (HEAs), particularly those with immiscible elements.
  • This method faces limitations in controlling the crystallinity, structure, and morphology of HEAs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a new isothermal solidification strategy for HEA synthesis.
  • To overcome the limitations of traditional rapid cooling methods.
  • To achieve control over HEA properties like crystallinity, structure, and morphology.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing liquid-liquid interface reactions at low temperatures (25–80°C) for alloy composition alteration.
  • Employing gallium (Ga)-based liquid metal as a sacrificial reagent and mixing medium.
  • Directing reactions at the interface between Ga-based liquid metal and aqueous metal ion solutions to reduce and incorporate foreign metal ions.

Main Results:

  • Achieved HEAs with diverse crystallinity (single crystal, mesocrystal, polycrystal, amorphous) and morphology (0D, 2D, 3D).
  • Demonstrated the ability to synthesize Ga-free HEAs or incorporate Ga into the final alloy.
  • In situ liquid phase transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and theoretical analysis revealed isothermal solidification mechanisms, enhanced mixing, and fluctuating nucleation dynamics.

Conclusions:

  • The isothermal solidification strategy offers a powerful and unexplored pathway for synthesizing high-entropy alloys.
  • This method provides precise control over HEA characteristics, enabling the kinetic trapping of high-entropy states.
  • The technique is versatile, allowing for a wide range of HEA compositions and structures.