Time-Frequency Collaborative Learning for Imbalanced Ship Motion Data With Missing Labels in Sea State Estimation

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) has gained significant attention in the domain of sea state estimation (SSE) due to its capacity to alleviate the reliance of deep learning models on extensive labeled datasets. While existing semi-supervised SSE methodologies leveraging pseudo-labeling have achieved promising results, they often overlook the challenges posed by high class imbalance and the prevalence of missing data in ship motion datasets, which restricts their broader applicability. In this article, we propose a novel SSL approach BalanceSSE based on the class-imbalanced ship motion data for SSE. This approach consists of three main modules: 1) the dynamic imputation (DIT); 2) the imbalance temporal-frequency learning (ITFL); and 3) the ClusterProx classifier (CL). The DIT module dynamically imputes incomplete ship motion data by assigning different weights to various dimensions data. The ITFL module employs time-frequency collaborative learning to generate pseudo-labels and integrate an adaptive confidence strategy to select high confidence pseudo-labels. This process is further enhanced by the CL module to produce better estimates. Experimental tests on UCR datasets and ship motion datasets demonstrate that BalanceSSE outperforms state-of-the-art methods. Ablation studies highlight the critical role of each module in BalanceSSE.