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Optimizing and assessing multichannel TMS focality.

Ole Numssen1, Carla W Martin1,2, Torge Worbs3

  • 1Methods and Development Group Brain Networks, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|September 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Multichannel transcranial magnetic stimulation (mTMS) offers efficient multi-target brain stimulation comparable to single-channel TMS (sTMS). Our framework optimizes mTMS systems for improved focality, especially for deeper cortical targets.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Medical Physics

Background:

  • Multichannel transcranial magnetic stimulation (mTMS) allows electronic steering of electric fields, overcoming limitations of single-channel TMS (sTMS).
  • Optimizing input currents for focal stimulation in mTMS remains a challenge.
  • Systematic comparisons of different mTMS designs under realistic constraints are lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a user-centric framework for optimizing and evaluating mTMS focality.
  • To introduce a generic optimization algorithm and meaningful focality metrics.
  • To compare mTMS coil arrays against traditional sTMS for various cortical targets.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a fast optimization framework with E-field constraints and current-rate limits.
  • Utilized high-resolution finite-element models of nine individual brains.
  • Compared 5-channel planar and 6/12-channel spherical mTMS systems with figure-of-eight sTMS coils.
  • Quantified performance using Focality, Target2Max, and OverstimulatedArea metrics.

Main Results:

  • mTMS achieved focality comparable to repositioned sTMS for all targets.
  • sTMS showed slightly better focality for superficial targets.
  • mTMS performed similarly for deeper cortical targets (>25mm depth).
  • Increased channels improved focality but required stronger current-rate constraints.
  • Planar mTMS design excelled for deeper targets; spherical designs improved with more channels.

Conclusions:

  • mTMS systems offer performance comparable to sTMS, enabling efficient multi-target stimulation without coil repositioning.
  • The developed open-source framework aids in designing and evaluating mTMS systems.
  • This supports goal-directed mTMS development and application.