Hidden Carbenes: NHC-Al Species at the Al₂O₃-Ionic Liquid Interface

The modification of the surface chemistry of heterogeneous catalysts/supports alters their electronic and catalytic properties, particularly through the incorporation of a monolayer of sophisticated N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs). However, the formation of aluminum N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC-Al) goes unrecognized or remains unidentified when imidazolium-based ionic liquids are supported on solids (SILPs). In this work, we identified the formation of NHC-Al species upon the grafting of imidazolium-based ILs onto neutral Al₂O₃. The optimal geometry of the imidazolium cations in these SILPs adopts a tilted orientation, exhibiting an upright binding mode, akin to self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). This configuration enables direct interaction of the electron-rich N-C-N moiety of the imidazolium cation with the Al₂O₃ surface, leading to the autocatalytic formation of NHC-Al species. The NHC-Al species are confirmed through solid-state ¹³C NMR, ¹³C-¹H HETCOR, ²⁷Al NMR, synchrotron XPS, XANES, and DFT calculations. This study provides unique insights into the bonding and structural geometry of ILs in SILPs, revealing features that have previously gone unobserved.