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The function, evolution, and future of carboxysomes.

Nghiem D Nguyen1, Loraine M Rourke1, G Dean Price1

  • 1The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia.

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|September 26, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Carboxysomes are essential for cyanobacterial photosynthesis by concentrating carbon dioxide. Engineering these Rubisco-containing compartments into plants could enhance crop yields.

Keywords:
CO2-concentrating mechanismsCarboxysomeschloroplastscyanobacteriaevolutioninorganic carbonphotosynthesissynthetic biology

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Photosynthesis Research

Background:

  • Carboxysomes are protein-bound microcompartments central to cyanobacterial carbon fixation.
  • They concentrate CO2 for the enzyme Rubisco, optimizing photosynthesis via CO2-concentrating mechanisms (CCMs).
  • Cellular bicarbonate (HCO3-) accumulation is critical for carboxysome function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the historical advancements in understanding carboxysome structure, function, and biogenesis.
  • To explore the evolutionary reasons for carboxysome absence in plants.
  • To discuss the potential and challenges of engineering carboxysomes into plant chloroplasts.

Main Methods:

  • Historical literature review and synthesis of research findings.
  • Analysis of evolutionary trajectories and genetic basis for carboxysome presence/absence.
  • Examination of physiological data and in vitro studies related to carboxysome function.

Main Results:

  • Significant progress has been made in understanding carboxysome structure, assembly, and role in CCMs.
  • Terrestrial plants lack carboxysomes despite a shared evolutionary past with cyanobacteria.
  • Engineering carboxysomes into plant chloroplasts is a promising strategy to boost photosynthetic efficiency.

Conclusions:

  • Carboxysomes represent a highly evolved system for carbon fixation, crucial for cyanobacteria.
  • Overcoming challenges like bicarbonate accumulation is key for successful heterologous expression in plants.
  • Future applications include using carboxysomes as platforms for enhanced carbon fixation and novel biocatalysis.