Recent Progress in Keloid Mechanism and Treatment: A Comprehensive Review

Keloids are abnormal fibroproliferative responses in the skin that often occur without an apparent injury. Their pathogenesis remains incompletely understood, though genetic, environmental, and biochemical factors are believed to contribute. Topical medications (mostly TCA injection) are the most used treatments followed by surgery, alone or in association with other therapeutic options. In most cases, improvement has been described. A combination of altered collagen synthesis, overactive fibroblasts, and immune response contributes to keloid formation. Genomic studies have identified specific mutations, and the role of growth factors such as TGF-β has been confirmed as a key player in keloid pathogenesis. Although great improvements have been made from the molecular point of view and keloids are more easily diagnosed and treatable nowadays, they remain very challenging, having a great impact on quality of life. Their recurrence is still very high. Understanding genetic predisposition and microenvironmental influences is critical for developing more effective therapies. Advances in molecular research and clinical strategies are improving our understanding of keloids, but further studies are needed to establish precise diagnostic markers and more effective long-term treatments.