The Genus Iris Tourn. ex L.: Updates on Botany, Cultivation, Novel Niches and Impactful Applications

The genus Iris is a perfect example of ethnobotanic continuity, where symbolic, medicinal and cultural relevance have provided foundations for many of the ornamental, phytochemical, pharmacological, industrial and ecological applications we know today. The aim of this review is to provide an up-to-date perspective on the past, present and future of this genus at the nexus of various interconnected disciplines, focusing on the most impactful and promising applications. The genus's most economically relevant areas of importance are ornamental use and the industrial application of orris. Biodiversity studies provide a necessary basis of knowledge for preserving its valuable genetic pool; optimized cultivation technologies ensure the flow of raw materials to various industries; and scientific research opens new niches for applications. Iris extracts and compounds have been shown to be effective against certain human pathogens, including fungi, bacteria, and protozoa. Newly screened species indicate promising antimicrobial and antioxidant bioactivity, hinting at their unexplored potential. New compounds have been isolated and studied, exhibiting pharmacological and immunomodulatory potential. Iris-derived exosomes with skin-protective effects and iris extract-coated nanoparticles that can be applied in phytoremediation are among the newest findings. Novel niches explore the potential of useful microbiomes from wild-sampled irises and the use of allelochemicals as bioherbicides. Current scientific evidence supports the medicinal, ecological and industrial relevance of this genus.