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A Scoping Review on Male-Mediated Developmental Toxicity.

Lidia Caporossi1, Paola Castellano1, Enrico Paci1

  • 1Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL, National Institute for Insurance against Accidents at Work, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy.

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|September 27, 2025
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Summary

Paternal exposure to environmental toxicants can harm offspring development. Research shows the male germ line is vulnerable, impacting child health through various biochemical pathways.

Keywords:
developmental toxicitymenoccupational exposure

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Area of Science:

  • Toxicology
  • Reproductive Science
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Developmental toxicity encompasses adverse effects from parental exposure during pregnancy or preconception.
  • Maternal exposure is well-studied, but paternal exposure's role in developmental toxicity is often underestimated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate and emphasize the impact of male-mediated developmental toxicity.
  • To consolidate evidence on adverse offspring outcomes linked to paternal toxicant exposure.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review using PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar.
  • Focused on studies examining developmental toxicity in offspring following paternal preconception exposure.

Main Results:

  • Paternal exposure to diverse chemicals (pharmaceuticals, substances of abuse, environmental toxins) adversely affects offspring health.
  • Biochemical mechanisms mediate the adverse effects of paternal exposure on offspring development.
  • Specific toxicants include tobacco, alcohol, opioids, cannabinoids, phthalates, organic solvents, and pesticides.

Conclusions:

  • Substantial evidence confirms male-mediated developmental toxicity, highlighting male germ line vulnerability.
  • Proposed biochemical pathways explain the observed toxicity.
  • Human evidence, while complex, indicates potential developmental risks from paternal exposure to substances of abuse and occupational chemicals.