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Amines can behave as Brønsted–Lowry bases by accepting a proton from the acid to form corresponding conjugate acids. Due to a lone pair of nonbonding electrons, aliphatic amines can also act as Lewis bases by forming a covalent bond with an electrophile.
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Similar to water, alcohols can add to the carbonyl carbon of the aldehydes and ketones. The addition of one molecule of alcohol to the carbonyl compound forms the hemiacetal or half acetal. As depicted below, in a hemiacetal, the carbon is directly linked to an OH and OR group.
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Carbon dioxide fixation in prokaryotes enables the assimilation of inorganic carbon into organic molecules, supporting biosynthetic pathways, sustaining ecosystems, and contributing to the global carbon cycle. It also has industrial applications in carbon capture and bioproduct synthesis. Autotrophic organisms rely on this process to utilize CO₂ as a carbon source in diverse environments.The Calvin CycleThe Calvin cycle is the most widespread carbon fixation mechanism, primarily used by...
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Fungal α-carbonic anhydrases.

Katia D'Ambrosio1, Anna Di Fiore1, Vincenzo Alterio1

  • 1Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging - CNR, Napoli, Italy.

The Enzymes
|October 8, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Fungal carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are vital for fungal life. This study details alpha-class CAs from Aspergillus oryzae, Sordaria macrospora, and Paracoccidioides, highlighting the need for further research.

Keywords:
Aspergillus oryzaeCarbonic anhydrasesFungiMetalloenzymesParacoccidioidesSordaria macrospora

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Area of Science:

  • Mycology
  • Biochemistry
  • Enzymology

Background:

  • Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are essential enzymes found across the fungal kingdom.
  • Fungal CAs are classified into α- and β-classes, with α-CAs present only in filamentous ascomycetes.
  • These enzymes are critical for fungal growth, development, virulence, and survival.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and discuss the characterized α-carbonic anhydrases from various fungi.
  • To present structural, functional, and biochemical data for fungal α-CAs.
  • To emphasize the need for continued research into fungal α-CAs.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and data compilation on characterized fungal α-CAs.
  • Analysis of structural, functional, and biochemical data.
  • Comparative study across different fungal species.

Main Results:

  • α-Carbonic anhydrases have been identified and characterized in fungi such as Aspergillus oryzae, Sordaria macrospora, and Paracoccidioides.
  • Data reveals diverse structural and functional properties of fungal α-CAs.
  • The study consolidates existing knowledge on these enzymes.

Conclusions:

  • Fungal α-CAs are important targets for understanding fungal biology.
  • Further research is essential to fully elucidate the roles and mechanisms of fungal α-CAs.
  • Comprehensive understanding of fungal α-CAs will aid in various applications.