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Related Concept Videos

Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

5.0K
The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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Precipitation and Co-precipitation01:17

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

4.0K
Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
4.0K
Precipitation Gravimetry01:03

Precipitation Gravimetry

14.0K
Precipitation gravimetry is based on converting an analyte into a sparingly soluble precipitate, which is separated by filtration and weighed. An ideal precipitate should be pure, insoluble, of known composition, and easily filtered from the reaction mixture.
In determining nickel by gravimetric analysis, a precipitant of ethanolic dimethylglyoxime is added to a hot nickel salt solution. This is quickly followed by the dropwise addition of dilute ammonia solution until precipitation occurs. A...
14.0K
The Water Cycle01:00

The Water Cycle

28.1K
The Earth’s hydrosphere includes all of the areas where the storage and movement of water occurs. Since water is the basis of all living processes, the cycling of water is extremely important to ecosystem dynamics.
28.1K
Adaptations that Reduce Water Loss01:57

Adaptations that Reduce Water Loss

27.9K
Though evaporation from plant leaves drives transpiration, it also results in loss of water. Because water is critical for photosynthetic reactions and other cellular processes, evolutionary pressures on plants in different environments have driven the acquisition of adaptations that reduce water loss.
27.9K
Types of Coprecipitation01:10

Types of Coprecipitation

5.2K
Coprecipitation is the contamination of a precipitate by otherwise soluble species and occurs via different processes. In colloidal precipitates, coprecipitation occurs via surface adsorption. For instance, barium sulfate has a primary layer of adsorbed barium ions and a secondary layer of nitrate counterions. This results in contamination of the precipitate by barium nitrate.
Sometimes, ions in a crystal lattice can undergo isomorphous replacement by inclusions of similar charge and size. For...
5.2K

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Causal pathways underlying global soil moisture-precipitation coupling.

Jing Sun1, Kun Yang2,3, Xiaogang He4

  • 1Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Institute for Global Change Studies, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Surface soil moisture significantly impacts precipitation globally, mediated by sensible heat and evapotranspiration. Understanding these land-atmosphere coupling pathways is crucial for improving climate models and predictions.

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Area of Science:

  • Earth System Science
  • Atmospheric Science
  • Hydrology

Background:

  • Surface soil moisture-precipitation (SSM-P) coupling is vital for climate dynamics.
  • Sensible heat (SH) and evapotranspiration are key mediators, but their global mechanisms are poorly understood.
  • This knowledge gap hinders accurate hydrometeorological predictions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate global SSM-P coupling pathways and their underlying mechanisms.
  • To identify hotspots of land-atmosphere interaction.
  • To evaluate the performance of climate models in simulating these processes.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized an information flow technique applied to satellite observations and reanalysis data.
  • Analyzed global land areas to identify SSM impacts on precipitation.
  • Investigated the roles of sensible heat and evapotranspiration in coupling pathways.

Main Results:

  • Identified significant local SSM impacts on precipitation across approximately 16% of global land.
  • Discovered eight coupling hotspots, with SH-mediated pathways dominant globally.
  • Noted exceptions in African hotspots where evapotranspiration-mediated pathways prevail, linked to moisture and boundary layer variability.
  • Found that strong coupling correlates with high SSM variability, especially for SSM-SH-P.

Conclusions:

  • Most CMIP6 models inadequately represent observed SSM-P coupling patterns.
  • Only a few models accurately captured the variability-causality relationship derived from ERA5 data.
  • Proposed process-based metrics for enhancing climate model evaluation regarding land-atmosphere interactions.