Charting a new path, replacing animals in biomedical research

Real progress has been made towards replacing animals for risk assessment purposes, particularly given the recent announcement of comprehensive roadmaps by regulatory agencies. However, given the vast number of animals that continue to be used for biomedical purposes, perhaps now is the time to place greater emphasis on replacing animals in biomedical research. Scientific journals have a key role to play in encouraging the uptake of new approach methodologies and providing a supportive environment for a cultural shift to humane, sustainable Three Rs-based science.