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External Attention Focus Enhances Standing Long Jump Performance by Modulating Muscle Dynamics Compared With Internal

Xinxin Liu1, Jian Chen1,2, Zhengye Pan3

  • 1School of Health Science, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, HUB, China.

Motor Control
|October 9, 2025
PubMed
Summary

External focus (EF) training enhances standing long jump performance by improving muscle force production and efficiency. This strategy optimizes mechanics, leading to greater jump distances.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Sports Science
  • Motor Control

Background:

  • Attentional focus strategies are crucial in sports training.
  • External focus (EF) improves standing long jump (SLJ) performance.
  • Muscular dynamics underlying EF benefits in SLJ are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of EF on muscular dynamics during the SLJ.
  • To compare EF with internal focus (IF) and control conditions.

Main Methods:

  • 12 healthy males performed SLJ under EF, IF, and control conditions using a Latin square design.
  • Kinematic and dynamic data were recorded during the take-off phase.
  • Inverse dynamics analysis was used to calculate joint and muscle forces.

Main Results:

  • EF resulted in longer jump distances, lower projection angles, and higher peak horizontal velocities and impulses compared to IF and control.
  • EF increased center of mass displacement during eccentric muscle action and decreased it during concentric action.
  • Peak muscle force and rate of force development in the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and gluteus maximus were higher under EF.

Conclusions:

  • EF strategy enhances SLJ mechanics by improving eccentric muscle contraction efficiency.
  • This leads to increased stored elastic potential energy, boosting concentric force production.
  • The findings suggest EF optimizes muscle function for greater jump performance.