The impact of undernutrition and overnutrition on early brain development

In this review, we explore the effects of malnutrition on childhood neurodevelopment. Early brain development is highly sensitive to nutritional status. Both undernutrition and overnutrition can disrupt critical neurodevelopmental processes, affecting cognition, emotional regulation, and long-term mental health. Nutrient deficiencies, such as iron, iodine, folate, and vitamin B12, have been linked to impaired brain growth and function. Similarly, excessive caloric intake can also negatively impact brain development as it may contribute to neuroinflammation and altered neurocircuitry. The effects are most pronounced during prenatal life and early childhood, with lasting consequences on academic performance, behavior, and productivity. In addition to health-related outcomes, undernutrition and overnutrition can also have significant social and financial repercussions for individuals and their communities. This review synthesizes current insights on the relationship between nutrition and brain development, explores specific nutrient effects, and highlights the role of public health interventions. Addressing both undernutrition and overnutrition through early and targeted action is essential for optimizing neurodevelopment and reducing the long-term societal burden of cognitive and mental health disorders. Continuous monitoring of both existing and emerging nutritional deficiencies is necessary, particularly in marginalized communities and low- and middle-income regions, where the risk of undernutrition remains high.