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Neurulation

Neurulation

Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the...

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Updated: Jan 15, 2026

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats

Published on: November 20, 2015

Perinatal Neuroprotection in Preterm Birth.

Richard Berger¹, Patrick Stelzl², Johannes Stubert³

¹Klinik für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe, Marienhaus Klinikum St. Elisabeth, Akademisches Lehrkrankenhaus der Universitäten Mainz und Maastricht, Neuwied, Germany.

Geburtshilfe Und Frauenheilkunde

|October 15, 2025

Summary

Preterm birth can cause infant brain damage. Optimal care in a level I perinatal center, including antenatal corticosteroids and magnesium, improves neurodevelopment. Breast milk is vital for long-term brain health.

Keywords:

neuroprotection periventricular leukomalacia periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage preterm birth

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Last Updated: Jan 15, 2026

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats

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Published on: November 20, 2015

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Published on: January 7, 2018

Assessment and Evaluation of the High Risk Neonate: The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale

Assessment and Evaluation of the High Risk Neonate: The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale

Published on: August 25, 2014

Area of Science:

Neonatal care
Neuroscience
Perinatal medicine

Background:

Preterm birth is a leading cause of infant morbidity and mortality.
Significant rates of severe brain injury (grade III/IV cerebral hemorrhage, periventricular leukomalacia) occur in very low birth weight infants.
MRI studies reveal diffuse white and grey matter injuries in preterm infants, impacting brain development.

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight the critical need for specialized perinatal care for preterm infants.
To identify key perinatal measures that promote optimal neuronal development.
To emphasize the importance of a neuroprotective environment beyond initial intensive care.

Main Methods:

Review of current literature on preterm infant brain injury and neuroprotection.
Analysis of outcomes associated with level I perinatal center care.
Evaluation of specific perinatal interventions (antenatal corticosteroids, magnesium, delayed cord clamping).

Main Results:

Level I perinatal center care is essential for infants <1500g birth weight.
Antenatal corticosteroids, magnesium, and delayed cord clamping improve neuronal development.
Hypothermia treatment is not suitable for neuroprotection in preterm infants.

Conclusions:

Optimal neurodevelopment in preterm infants requires immediate specialized care in a Level I perinatal center.
A combination of antenatal interventions and a supportive postnatal environment, including breast milk, is crucial.
Long-term neuroprotection involves managing inflammation and providing trophic stimulation in the NICU.