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Advancing photovoltaics with Cs2NaInI6-based perovskites: a simulation study on ETL optimization
Md Ferdous Rahman1, Md Azizur Rahman1, Mutasem Z Bani-Fwaz2
1Advanced Energy Materials and Solar Cell Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Begum Rokeya University Rangpur 5400 Bangladesh ferdousapee@gmail.com.
RSC Advances
|October 15, 2025
Summary
This study explores lead-free double perovskite solar cells using WS2 as an electron transport layer, achieving 22.63% efficiency. The research highlights WS2
Area of Science:
- Materials Science
- Renewable Energy
- Photovoltaics
Background:
- Developing efficient and eco-friendly solar cells is critical for sustainable energy.
- Lead-free double perovskites, like Cs2NaInI6, offer promising photovoltaic properties.
- The electron transport layer (ETL) significantly impacts perovskite solar cell (PSC) performance.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the performance of Cs2NaInI6-based PSCs with various ETLs using numerical simulations.
- To identify the optimal ETL for maximizing power conversion efficiency (PCE) and device stability.
- To analyze the influence of key parameters on PSC performance.
Main Methods:
- Utilized Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator in One Dimension (SCAPS-1D) for device simulations.
- Simulated ITO/ETL/Cs2NaInI6/Au structures with WS2, SnS2, In2S3, and IGZO as ETLs.
- Systematically varied absorber thickness, defect density, doping levels, interface traps, and temperature.
Main Results:
- WS2 demonstrated the highest performance among the tested ETLs, achieving a PCE of 22.63%.
- Optimized WS2-based devices showed a V_OC of 1.189 V, J_SC of 21.406 mA cm-2, and FF of 88.92%.
- Cs2NaInI6 exhibited good thermal and defect stability, indicating suitability for practical applications.
Conclusions:
- WS2 is a highly effective ETL for Cs2NaInI6 perovskite solar cells, enhancing efficiency through favorable band alignment and reduced recombination.
- ETL engineering is crucial for optimizing lead-free PSC performance.
- Simulation-guided design provides a pathway for developing efficient and stable next-generation solar cells.
