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CoCoChain: A Concept-Aware Consensus Protocol for Secure Sensor Data Exchange in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks.

Rubén Juárez1, Ruben Nicolas-Sans1, José Fernández Tamames1

  • 1School of Engineering, Science, and Technology, UNIE Universidad, Calle Arapiles, 14, 28015 Madrid, Spain.

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|October 16, 2025
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Summary

CoCoChain improves blockchain consensus for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) by using concept vectors instead of full message payloads. This reduces overhead and latency, enhancing safety-critical V2X communication.

Keywords:
VANETblockchain consensusconcept-aware protocolscontinuous concept mixinginternet of vehiclessparse autoencoders

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Area of Science:

  • Computer Science
  • Network Security
  • Distributed Systems

Background:

  • Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) require low-latency, reliable V2X communication for safety and traffic optimization.
  • Traditional blockchain consensus mechanisms (BFT-style) face challenges with high message overhead and latency in VANETs, hindering integrity and auditability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce CoCoChain, a novel concept-aware consensus mechanism designed to address the limitations of conventional BFT consensus in VANETs.
  • To enhance the efficiency and performance of blockchain-based V2X communication by reducing message overhead and latency.

Main Methods:

  • CoCoChain utilizes a sparse autoencoder (SAE) to encode raw message payloads into low-dimensional concept vectors.
  • Only the top-k activations (semantic digests) are broadcast during consensus, integrated into a practical BFT workflow with semantic checks.
  • Simulations were conducted using OMNeT++/SUMO in urban, highway, and multi-hop broadcast scenarios, including adversarial attacks and cross-layer stress.

Main Results:

  • CoCoChain reduced consensus message overhead by up to 25% and confirmation latency by 20%.
  • The mechanism maintained data integrity with up to 20% Byzantine participants.
  • Information freshness, measured by Age of Information (AoI), improved under high channel load.

Conclusions:

  • CoCoChain offers an efficient and secure consensus mechanism tailored for VANETs, improving performance and information timeliness.
  • The semantic-aware approach effectively balances security, overhead, and latency in V2X communication systems.