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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Obesity01:24

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The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a numerical value derived from a person's weight and height, used to categorize individuals into weight ranges. It is calculated using the formula: weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Obesity is a health condition characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue that poses health risks, often diagnosed with a BMI ≥ 30. This excess fat storage occurs when surplus dietary calories are converted into triglycerides and stored in...
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Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
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Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

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Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
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Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
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Mechanism of Regulation of Adipocyte Numbers in Adult Organisms Through Differentiation and Apoptosis Homeostasis
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Decoding the Adipocyte Epigenome: Differentiation, Metabolic Memory, and Obesity.

Shunsuke Kato1, Hironori Waki2

  • 1Center for Medical Education and Training, Akita University Hospital, Akita, Japan.

Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome
|October 20, 2025
PubMed
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Adipose tissue epigenetics governs cell identity and function. Environmental factors like cold and obesity leave lasting epigenetic marks, influencing metabolic health and disease risk.

Keywords:
AdipocytesEpigenomeHistonesMetabolic memoryObesity

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Area of Science:

  • Cell biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Metabolism

Background:

  • Adipocytes are crucial for energy balance, with distinct types (white, brown, beige) arising from coordinated gene regulation.
  • Epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation and histone modifications, are vital for adipocyte differentiation and function.
  • Metabolic memory describes how environmental exposures create lasting cellular imprints, impacting adaptation and disease susceptibility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the fundamental principles of the adipose tissue epigenome.
  • To explore the regulation of adipocyte identity.
  • To elucidate how epigenomic memory connects environmental history to metabolic health.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on adipocyte epigenetics and metabolic memory.
  • Analysis of transcriptional and epigenetic regulatory mechanisms in adipocytes.
  • Integration of findings on environmental influences (cold exposure, obesity) on adipocyte epigenomes.

Main Results:

  • Adipocyte diversity is established through precise transcriptional and epigenetic programs.
  • Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation and histone marks, are key regulators of adipocyte function.
  • Environmental factors like cold and obesity induce stable epigenomic changes in adipocytes, contributing to metabolic memory.

Conclusions:

  • The adipose tissue epigenome is central to maintaining adipocyte identity and function.
  • Epigenomic memory in adipocytes provides a mechanism linking past environmental exposures to long-term metabolic outcomes.
  • Understanding these epigenetic links is crucial for addressing metabolic dysfunction and related complications.