Treating onychomycosis in diabetic patients: risk, therapy, and topical opportunity

Onychomycosis is a prevalent fungal infection of the nail unit that disproportionately affects individuals with diabetes, often presenting with increased severity and a higher risk of complications such as impaired mobility, secondary bacterial infection, and ulceration.

This review examines the pathophysiological relationship between diabetes and onychomycosis, appraises the safety and efficacy profiles of current antifungal therapies, and outlines key considerations in selecting appropriate treatment regimens. It addresses pharmacokinetics, hepatic and renal considerations, and drug-drug interactions, while emphasizing the emerging role of topical therapies and the importance of a patient-centered approach.

Early and accurate diagnosis utilizing mycological and molecular techniques such as fungal culture, histopathology, and polymerase chain reaction is essential to guide effective management in this high-risk population and mitigate adverse outcomes. Timely intervention is critical to reduce morbidity and prevent long-term complications. Topical and oral antifungals should be considered for mild to moderate and moderate to severe onychomycosis, respectively. The use of oral agents can be complicated by comorbidities and polypharmacy which heighten the risk of contraindications and drug-drug interactions. Therapeutic success in this population relies not only on appropriate drug selection but also on antifungal stewardship and patient adherence to prescribed regimens.

In view of the expanding aging population and increasing comorbidity burden, physicians should remain cognizant about diagnosing and treating onychomycosis in diabetic patients. An interdisciplinary approach to management is advisable.