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Updated: Jan 14, 2026

Bacterial Leaf Infiltration Assay for Fine Characterization of Plant Defense Responses using the Arabidopsis thaliana-Pseudomonas syringae Pathosystem

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Published on: October 1, 2015

Genetically engineered plant endophytes broaden effector-triggered immunity.

Menglu Hou¹, Sitao Zhu¹, Ruixia Niu¹

¹State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hubei Provincial Research Center for Basic Biological Sciences, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, RNA Institute, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China.

Cell Host & Microbe

|October 22, 2025

Summary

Engineered bacteria, termed Sentinels, activate plant immunity by expressing pathogen effectors. This novel strategy enhances plant defense against diverse pathogens, complementing existing microbial approaches.

Keywords:

ETI NLR receptor disease resistance effector-triggered immunity genetically modified endophyte microbial engineering microbiota nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptor plant defense

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Assay for Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern PAMP-Triggered Immunity PTI in Plants

Assay for Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern PAMP-Triggered Immunity PTI in Plants

Published on: September 9, 2009

Area of Science:

Plant pathology
Microbiology
Synthetic biology

Background:

Plants use nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptors for effector-triggered immunity (ETI) against pathogens.
ETI effectiveness is limited by pathogen effector recognition, which is unpredictable in natural infections.

Purpose of the Study:

To engineer plant endophytes (Sentinels) to express pathogen effectors and activate ETI.
To develop a versatile strategy for broad-spectrum plant disease resistance.

Main Methods:

Engineered endophytes (Sentinels) to heterologously express pathogen effectors recognized by host NLRs.
Utilized an OxyR regulatory circuit for effector expression triggered by reactive oxygen species (ROS).
Tested various effector-NLR pairs in different plants against multiple pathogens.

Main Results:

Sentinel colonization activated ETI against pathogens lacking recognizable effectors.
ROS-triggered expression enabled ETI activation.
Microbiota diversity and plant growth were maintained despite Sentinel colonization.

Conclusions:

Engineered Sentinels provide a versatile platform for broad-spectrum ETI activation.
This strategy leverages microbiota-host-pathogen interactions for enhanced plant defense.
Complements synthetic microbial consortia for robust plant disease management.