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Wildfires and Atopic Diseases: A Review.

Alex Ha^1,2, John R Balmes^1,3, Maria L Wei^2,4

¹School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA.

|October 23, 2025

Summary

Wildfire smoke, particularly fine particulate matter (PM2.5), worsens atopic diseases like asthma. Vulnerable communities face greater risks, highlighting the need for targeted protection and mitigation strategies.

Keywords:

air pollution asthma atopy eczema wildfire

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Area of Science:

Environmental Health
Toxicology
Dermatology

Background:

Wildfire smoke poses a significant environmental health risk, increasing in frequency and severity.
Particulate matter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5) is a key hazardous component of wildfire smoke.
Growing evidence links wildfire PM2.5 exposure to increased risk of atopic diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the negative impacts of wildfire smoke on atopic diseases.
To examine the effects of wildfire smoke on specific vulnerable communities.
To identify research gaps and inform mitigation strategies.

Main Methods:

Literature review of existing studies on wildfire smoke and atopic diseases.
Analysis of health impacts across different demographic and socioeconomic groups.
Synthesis of current knowledge on community-specific vulnerabilities.

Main Results:

Wildfire PM2.5 exposure is associated with the development and exacerbation of atopic conditions, including asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis.
Certain communities experience disproportionate effects due to limited access to protective resources and information.
The review highlights the urgent need for further research into contributing factors and effective interventions.

Conclusions:

Wildfire smoke significantly impacts atopic disease prevalence and severity.
Addressing health disparities in affected communities is crucial for effective mitigation.
Policy interventions and further research are necessary to combat the health threats posed by wildfire smoke.