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Related Concept Videos

Phase Diagram01:19

Phase Diagram

6.9K
The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
6.9K
Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

22.3K
Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
22.3K
Phase Changes01:19

Phase Changes

5.2K
Phase transitions play an important theoretical and practical role in the study of heat flow. In melting or fusion, a solid turns into a liquid; the opposite process is freezing. In evaporation, a liquid turns into a gas; the opposite process is condensation.
A substance melts or freezes at a temperature called its melting point and boils or condenses at its boiling point. These temperatures depend on pressure. High pressure favors the denser form of the substance, so typically, high pressure...
5.2K
Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

48.7K
A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
48.7K
States of Matter and Phase Changes00:59

States of Matter and Phase Changes

4.4K
The internal energy of a substance—the total kinetic energy of all its molecules and the potential energy of their associated forces—depends on the strength of the intermolecular forces in the condensed phases and the pressure exerted on the substance. The internal energy of a substance is the highest in the gaseous state, the lowest in the solid state, and intermediate in the liquid state. Phase transitions are caused by changes in physical conditions, such as temperature and...
4.4K
Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

19.6K
Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
19.6K

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Phase Diagram Characterization Using Magnetic Beads as Liquid Carriers
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Phase Diagram Characterization Using Magnetic Beads as Liquid Carriers

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All the world's a phage.

Graham F Hatfull1

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|October 23, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bacteriophages, or phages, offer new hope against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Studying mycobacteriophages reveals their genetic diversity and potential for developing novel phage therapies for difficult-to-treat infections.

Keywords:
Mycobacteriumbacteriophagegenomics

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Genomics
  • Bacteriophage Research

Background:

  • Renewed interest in bacteriophages (phages) due to antimicrobial resistance and discovery of bacterial defense systems.
  • Challenges in phage research include genetic diversity and unknown gene functions.
  • Mycobacteriophages serve as a model for understanding phage biology and therapeutic potential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a holistic approach for advancing bacteriophage research and applications.
  • To highlight the insights gained from studying mycobacteriophages.
  • To propose a model integrating research, education, and medicine for microbiology.

Main Methods:

  • Exploration of phage biology and genomics.
  • Development of research-education programs (SEA-PHAGES).
  • Analysis of a large collection of sequenced and annotated mycobacteriophage genomes.

Main Results:

  • Revealed enormous diversity among phages infecting a single bacterial strain (Mycobacteria).
  • Illuminated evolutionary mechanisms leading to mosaic phage genome architectures.
  • Enabled development of tools for engineering phages for therapeutic applications.

Conclusions:

  • A holistic approach integrating research, education, and medicine is crucial for advancing phage biology.
  • Mycobacteriophages demonstrate significant genetic diversity and therapeutic potential.
  • Technological advancements in synthetic genomics and structural biology will accelerate phage research and applications.