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Related Concept Videos

The Pituitary Gland01:17

The Pituitary Gland

9.9K
The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.
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Hormones of the Pituitary Gland01:27

Hormones of the Pituitary Gland

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The small, pea-sized pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It is crucial in regulating various bodily functions, from growth to reproduction. The gland is divided into the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The secretory cell clusters in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary lobe are controlled by hypothalamic regulators and synthesize six primary hormones.
The most abundantly secreted hormone from the anterior lobe is the growth hormone, which controls overall growth by...
9.4K
Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and...
1.7K
Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

Adrenal Gland Disorders

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Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
2.9K
The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

4.3K
The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
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Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

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Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
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Updated: Jan 14, 2026

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
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Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas

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Clinically Nonfunctioning Pituitary Adenomas.

Ukasha Habib1, Nicholas A Tritos2

  • 1Neuroendocrine Unit and Neuroendocrine and Pituitary Tumor Clinical Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.

Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America
|October 23, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPA) are common tumors that can cause symptoms like vision loss or headaches. Surgery is the primary treatment for symptomatic NFPAs, with radiation and medication as secondary options.

Keywords:
Dopamine agonistHypopituitarismNonfunctioning pituitary adenomaPituitary apoplexyPituitary incidentalomaRadiation therapyTranssphenoidal pituitary surgery

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Development of Organoids from Mouse Pituitary as In Vitro Model to Explore Pituitary Stem Cell Biology
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Two-dimensional Gel Electrophoresis Coupled with Mass Spectrometry Methods for an Analysis of Human Pituitary Adenoma Tissue Proteome
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Development of Organoids from Mouse Pituitary as In Vitro Model to Explore Pituitary Stem Cell Biology
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Development of Organoids from Mouse Pituitary as In Vitro Model to Explore Pituitary Stem Cell Biology

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Area of Science:

  • Neuro-oncology
  • Endocrinology
  • Ophthalmology

Background:

  • Nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPA) constitute about 30% of adult pituitary tumors.
  • NFPA can manifest with mass effect symptoms (visual compromise, headache) or hypopituitarism.
  • They are often discovered incidentally on brain imaging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the clinical presentation and management of nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas.
  • To emphasize the role of neuro-ophthalmic evaluation for optic apparatus impingement.
  • To detail current treatment strategies for NFPA.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical presentations and diagnostic considerations for NFPA.
  • Discussion of neuro-ophthalmic assessment for visual pathway involvement.
  • Analysis of treatment modalities including surgery, radiation, and medical therapy.

Main Results:

  • NFPA diagnosis is based on clinical presentation, imaging, and hormonal evaluation.
  • Mass effect symptoms necessitate prompt evaluation and intervention.
  • Transsphenoidal surgery is the primary treatment for symptomatic macroadenomas.

Conclusions:

  • Surgical resection is the mainstay for symptomatic NFPA causing mass effect.
  • Radiation therapy serves as a second-line treatment for residual or recurrent tumors.
  • Pharmacological options like cabergoline may be considered for specific patient subgroups.