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Ion Exchange01:17

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Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or...
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Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
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The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
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Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect01:19

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In complexation reactions, metal atoms or cations interact with ligands to form donor-acceptor adducts called metal complexes. Ligands that bind through one donor site are monodentate, ligands with two donor sites are bidentate, and those with more than two donor sites are polydentate ligands. For example, ethylene diamine is a bidentate ligand that binds through two nitrogen donor atoms, forming a five-membered ring. EDTA is a polydentate ligand that binds through four oxygen and two nitrogen...
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A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
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Coagulation01:06

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Multicharged Zwitterions form Superior Antifouling Interfaces.

Declan Meehan1, Jessica McMaster1, Ayantika Kundu1

  • 1School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, 39-123 Stranmillis Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT9 5AG, UK.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
|October 24, 2025
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Preventing surface fouling on medical devices is crucial. New multicharged zwitterionic molecules (MZWs) significantly reduce protein adsorption compared to traditional antifouling coatings.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Surface Chemistry
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Preventing protein and microbial accumulation on surfaces, especially medical devices, is a persistent challenge.
  • Hydrophilic surface modification, using polyethylene glycol and zwitterionic groups, is a key antifouling strategy.
  • Limited chemical diversity of current zwitterions hinders antifouling advancements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop novel antifouling surfaces with enhanced hydrophilicity.
  • To explore the use of multicharged zwitterionic molecules (MZWs) as an alternative to conventional zwitterions.
  • To assess the antifouling performance of MZW-functionalized surfaces.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesized multicharged zwitterionic molecules (MZWs).
  • Functionalized surfaces with MZWs and benchmark single zwitterionic molecules.
  • Quantified protein adsorption on functionalized surfaces.
  • Characterized MZW self-assembly behavior.

Main Results:

  • MZW-functionalized surfaces showed 40-45% lower protein adsorption than surfaces with single zwitterionic molecules.
  • Synthesized MZWs spontaneously formed vesicular aggregates (130-170 nm) without external forces.
  • MZW functionalization offers a promising route to improved antifouling performance.

Conclusions:

  • Multicharged zwitterionic molecules represent a novel strategy for enhancing surface hydrophilicity and antifouling properties.
  • MZW-functionalization is adaptable to existing synthetic methods for various material applications.
  • Further research into MZWs could lead to significant improvements in preventing surface biofouling.