Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Sodium and Potassium01:26

Regulation of Sodium and Potassium

2.0K
The regulation of sodium and potassium ion concentrations in the human body is a complex process governed primarily by hormones such as aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).
Sodium Regulation
Sodium ions make up approximately 90% of extracellular cations, with a normal blood plasma concentration of 136–148 mEq/L. A decrease in blood volume and pressure triggers the release of renin from granular cells in the juxtaglomerular complex (JGC), primarily...
2.0K
Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

127.7K
Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...
127.7K
Introduction to Electrolytes01:33

Introduction to Electrolytes

15.1K
In humans, electrolytes play a vital role in various physiological processes. Balancing electrolyte levels is essential for normal body functions; their imbalance can be life-threatening. The major electrolytes include sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphate, and bicarbonate. They are primarily involved in physiological processes, such as nerve signal transmission, membrane trafficking, muscle contraction, buffering body fluids, and balancing water levels in the body.
Role of Sodium
One...
15.1K
Regulation of Water Intake01:25

Regulation of Water Intake

2.6K
Osmolality refers to the number of solute particles per kilogram of solvent in a solution. Plasma osmolality specifically indicates the total number of solute particles per kilogram of water in blood plasma. This value reflects the body's hydration status and is tightly regulated through mechanisms controlling water intake and output. While water consumption is a conscious decision, the body has intrinsic regulatory systems to maintain fluid balance. Dehydration, a state of water deficit...
2.6K
Roles of Electrolytes: Sodium and Potassium01:24

Roles of Electrolytes: Sodium and Potassium

1.9K
Sodium plays a crucial role in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance and overall bodily homeostasis. Sodium balance is primarily regulated by kidney function, which adjusts sodium elimination to match dietary intake and maintain proper electrolyte levels. Sodium is the most abundant cation in the extracellular fluid (ECF) and is found in salts such as sodium chloride (NaCl) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). Although cellular plasma membranes are relatively impermeable to sodium, its role in...
1.9K
Physiology of the Genitourinary System III: Urine Concentration and Dilution01:20

Physiology of the Genitourinary System III: Urine Concentration and Dilution

558
The kidneys concentrate or dilute urine to maintain water and electrolyte balance. Nephrons, particularly the loop of Henle, play a crucial role in this process through the countercurrent multiplication system. This system establishes a high osmolarity in the renal medulla, which is essential for water reabsorption. In the loop of Henle’s descending limb, water is reabsorbed into the surrounding medulla due to its permeability to water. In contrast, the ascending limb actively transports...
558

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Two Doppler blood pressure devices and 2 oscillometric blood pressure devices failed American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine validation in conscious dogs.

American journal of veterinary research·2026
Same author

The DeepJoint Algorithm: An Innovative Approach for Studying the Longitudinal Evolution of Quantitative Mammographic Density and Its Association With Screen-Detected Breast Cancer Risk.

Biometrical journal. Biometrische Zeitschrift·2026
Same author

Embracing change: the Journal's transition to Oxford University Press.

Journal of veterinary internal medicine·2026
Same author

Retrospective Evaluation of Treatment of Coagulopathy Secondary to Suspected Vitamin K Antagonist Rodenticide Intoxication With Cryosupernatant Transfusion in Seven Dogs (2000-2017).

Journal of veterinary emergency and critical care (San Antonio, Tex. : 2001)·2026
Same author

A Quick Reference on Hypernatremia.

The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice·2025
Same author

Abdominal, thoracic, and cardiac point-of-care ultrasound skills following an in-person hands-on training course for early-track emergency clinicians.

Frontiers in veterinary science·2025
Same journal

Regulation of Artificial Intelligence in Veterinary Medicine.

The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice·2026
Same journal

Practical Steps Toward Antimicrobial Stewardship for the General Practitioner.

The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice·2026
Same journal

Using Evidence-Based Veterinary Medicine and Artificial Intelligence to Support Clinical Decision Making in Veterinary Practice.

The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice·2026
Same journal

Feline Asthma-Update on Diagnosis and Treatment Recommendations.

The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice·2026
Same journal

Disease Prediction and Precision Veterinary Medicine: Applications, Opportunities, and Limitations of Artificial Intelligence in Small Animal Practice.

The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice·2026
Same journal

The Moving Target of Companion Animal Infectious Diseases: Emerging Threats and Evolving Solutions.

The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 14, 2026

Standardized Measurement of Nasal Membrane Transepithelial Potential Difference NPD
09:47

Standardized Measurement of Nasal Membrane Transepithelial Potential Difference NPD

Published on: September 13, 2018

17.2K

A Quick Reference on Hyponatremia.

Julien Guillaumin1, Stephen DiBartola2

  • 1Emergency and Critical Care Service, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.

The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice
|October 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hyponatremia, a condition of low serum sodium, arises from excess water. Management involves diagnosing the cause, restricting fluids, and carefully correcting sodium levels to prevent brain edema.

Keywords:
ADHFree waterHypovolemiaSIADHSodium

More Related Videos

Studying the Activity of Neuropeptides and Other Regulators of the Excretory System in the Adult Mosquito
11:30

Studying the Activity of Neuropeptides and Other Regulators of the Excretory System in the Adult Mosquito

Published on: August 24, 2021

3.3K
Full-Endoscopic Surgery for Hypothalamic Hamartoma Resection
02:22

Full-Endoscopic Surgery for Hypothalamic Hamartoma Resection

Published on: April 12, 2024

870

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 14, 2026

Standardized Measurement of Nasal Membrane Transepithelial Potential Difference NPD
09:47

Standardized Measurement of Nasal Membrane Transepithelial Potential Difference NPD

Published on: September 13, 2018

17.2K
Studying the Activity of Neuropeptides and Other Regulators of the Excretory System in the Adult Mosquito
11:30

Studying the Activity of Neuropeptides and Other Regulators of the Excretory System in the Adult Mosquito

Published on: August 24, 2021

3.3K
Full-Endoscopic Surgery for Hypothalamic Hamartoma Resection
02:22

Full-Endoscopic Surgery for Hypothalamic Hamartoma Resection

Published on: April 12, 2024

870

Area of Science:

  • Internal Medicine
  • Nephrology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Hyponatremia is defined by low serum sodium and hypoosmolality.
  • It frequently results from a relative excess of water to sodium.
  • Common causes include syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, dehydration, and fluid shifts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for hyponatremia.
  • To emphasize the importance of identifying underlying causes and preventing complications.

Main Methods:

  • Diagnosis involves assessing serum and urine parameters.
  • Evaluation of patient's volume status is crucial.
  • Comprehensive history, physical examination, and laboratory testing guide management.

Main Results:

  • Treatment focuses on addressing the root cause of hyponatremia.
  • Fluid restriction is a key therapeutic component.
  • Gradual correction of serum sodium concentration is vital to avoid neurologic complications like brain edema.

Conclusions:

  • Effective hyponatremia management requires a systematic approach.
  • Careful monitoring is essential for optimal patient outcomes.
  • Sodium deficit calculation may be necessary in specific conditions like cerebral salt wasting.