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Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility,...

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Updated: Jan 13, 2026

Retinal Pathophysiological Evaluation in a Rat Model

Retinal Pathophysiological Evaluation in a Rat Model

Published on: May 6, 2022

Diabetic Retinopathy, a Comprehensive Overview on Pathophysiology and Relevant Experimental Models.

Kate Gettinger^1,2, Deokho Lee^1,2,3, Yohei Tomita^1,2,4

¹Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences

|October 29, 2025

Summary

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) research explores its pathology and experimental models. Understanding these models aids in developing effective treatments for this diabetes complication causing vision loss.

Keywords:

carotid artery occlusion diabetes diabetic retinopathy experimental models retinal ischemia streptozotocin

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Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Endocrinology
Pathology

Background:

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of vision loss globally.
DR prevalence is increasing due to rising diabetes rates.
Understanding DR pathophysiology is crucial for effective treatment development.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the general pathology of diabetic retinopathy.
To summarize current in vivo and in vitro experimental models of DR.
To provide a foundation for future DR research and therapeutic strategies.

Main Methods:

Literature review of DR pathology and experimental models.
Analysis of mechanisms including hyperglycemia, vascular dysfunction, ischemia, inflammation, and degeneration.
Summary of various animal models (murine, rat, monkey, cat) and in vitro systems (monocultures, co-cultures, 3D models).

Main Results:

Detailed overview of DR pathogenesis, encompassing key molecular and cellular events.
Comprehensive summary of diverse experimental models used to study DR.
Inclusion of novel models like carotid artery occlusion in diabetic mice.

Conclusions:

Experimental models are vital for elucidating DR pathogenesis.
This review consolidates knowledge on DR pathology and models.
Further research using these models can advance DR treatment strategies.