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Inner Ear Dysfunction in Thyroid Disease: A Scoping Review.

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Thyroid disease, particularly hypothyroidism, is linked to hearing loss and vestibular disorders like Meniere

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Endocrinology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) and vestibular disorders are influenced by various factors, including thyroid diseases.
  • Hypothyroidism and autoimmune thyroiditis can impact inner ear function via hormonal, immune, and vascular pathways.
  • Potential links exist between thyroid dysfunction and conditions like Meniere's disease (MD) and benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and synthesize scientific evidence on the association between thyroid disorders and inner ear dysfunction.
  • To evaluate the correlation between hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and auditory/vestibular impairments.
  • To identify gaps in knowledge regarding the pathophysiological mechanisms involved.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic literature review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines.
  • Searches were performed across PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases.
  • Thirty studies investigating thyroid disorders and inner ear dysfunction were included.

Main Results:

  • A significant correlation was found between hypothyroidism and hearing impairment.
  • Evidence suggests a link between hyperthyroidism and inner ear disorders, especially concerning autoimmunity.
  • A notable association exists between thyroid disease and Meniere's disease, though supporting studies are fewer.

Conclusions:

  • Hypothyroidism is clearly correlated with auditory function impairment.
  • A substantial body of evidence supports an association between thyroid disease and vestibular disorders.
  • Further research is required to fully understand the autoimmune, vascular, and metabolic mechanisms underlying these correlations.